Cell+Biology

=Cell Biology=

//__**Cell Parts**__//
__// in our own words: the cell membrane controls what comes in and what goes out of the cell. //__ __// in our own words: supports the plant cell. //__ //__ in our own words: gel-like substance between the membrane and the nucleus. __// //__ in our own words: stores information in DNA __//
 * Cell Membrane**: Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Allows specific substances in and out of the cell.
 * Cell Wall**: Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Protects the cell (found in Plants, Fungi and some Bacteria)
 * Cytoplasm**: Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Fluid-area of the cell. Area where much of the cell's chemistry occurs.
 * Nucleus**: Found only in eukaryotes. Holds the Chromatin.
 * Chromatin**: Found in eukaryotes. Strands of DNA (unpacked)


 * Chromosome**: Found in eukaryotes. Strands of DNA (packed up)


 * Plasmid**: Found in prokaryotes. Circular strand of DNA.

//__ in our own words: uses RNA to make proteins __// //__ in our own words ____ : builds and transports proteins in the cell __// //__ in our own words: makes sugars and fats and transports them through the cell __// //__ in our own words: ____ packages substances produced by the cell __// //__ in our own words: ____ captures sunlight and changes it into chemical energy __// //__ in our own words: ____ uses sugar and other organic compounds to make energy __// //__ in our own words: ____ gets rid of old viruses and bacteria and old cell organelles, that have been ingested by the cell __// //__ in our own words: A tail-like organelle that helps to move the cell. __// //__ in our own words: __ __ hair-like organelles that are on the surface of the cell. __//
 * Ribosomes**: Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Translates protein from RNA.
 * Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum**: Found only in eukaryotes. Covered in ribosomes, makes proteins.
 * Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum**: Found only in eukaryotes. Ribosome-less, makes carbs and lipids.
 * Golgi Apparatus**: Found only in eukaryotes. Packages and ships products around the cell.
 * Chloroplasts**: Found only in eukaryotes. Converts light energy into sugar.
 * Mitochondria**: Found only in eukaryotes. Converts sugar into ATP (chemical energy)
 * Lysosome**: Found only in eukaryotes. Digests old organelles.
 * Flagella**: Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Long whip-like tail. Pushes cell around.
 * Cillia**: Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Many little 'hairs'. Can push cell around or pull liquid over the cell's surface.

Picture of a plant cell:

http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/9/93c5cab1f150fcaaa9f2533d0a0b45c2/plantcell.gif

Picture of an animal cell:

http://www.animalport.com/img/Animal-Cell.jpg

__//Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes//__
Prokaryotes are small, simple cells. Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria. Prokaryotes lack most membrane bound organelles, that means they have no nucleus. Prokaryotes DO have cell membranes, cytoplasm, and some sort of genetic information, such as DNA and RNA, as do Eukaryotes.

Here is a picture of a prokaryote.....

.

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/prokaryote.gif

Eukaryotes are large complex cells with many of the above listed organelles. Eukaryotes are plant and animal cells. Eukaryotes take a longer time to reproduce than prokaryotes because of their complexity.

The six kingdoms
strep, staph ||
 * Name of Kidgdom || Type of Cells || Nutrition || Single or Multicellular || Examples ||
 * Eubacteria || Prokaryote || Autotroph or Heterotroph || Single Celled || E.coli,
 * Archaebacteria || Prokaryote || Autotrophic, usually chemosynthetic, can be heterotrophic || Single celled || thermophiles, extremeophiles ||
 * Plantae || Eukaryote || Autotrophic, Photosynthetic || Multicellular || trees, grass, roses ||
 * Animalia || Eukaryote || Heterotrophic, ingestion || Multicellular || dogs, cats, bears ||
 * Fungi || Eukaryote || Heterotrophic, absorption || Multicellular || mushrooms, yeast, mold ||
 * Protista || Eukaryote || Autotrophic or Heterotrophic || Single celled, no tissues || Paramecium, Euglena ||

//__**The Cell Cycle**__//: A diagram that shows the different stages that a cell can be found in.


 M Phase = Mitosis, when a cell divides its copied chromosomes.

 G1 = A stage consisting of growth for the newly divided cell

G0 = A stage a cell goes into where it will never divide again.

S Phase = Synthesis, when a cell copies its DNA so that a set of DNA can be given to each daughter cell.

G2 = Another growth stage in preparation for mitosis.

All these phases minus M Phase are known as Interphase (the time between cell division) S Phase


 * __Mitosis__**: When a eukaryotic cell moves its copied DNA into two new nuclei. It usually ends as two identical daughter cells. The goal of mitosis is to make 2 new identical daughter cells that are also identical to the original parent cell. Mitosis is used to make, new skin cells, regenerate body parts in some animals, and for growth and repair.

The 4 Stages of Mitosis are:

**Prophase** - They remain attached to one another called the centromere and turns into tightly coiled form.

**Metaphase** - The chromosomes move to the middle of the cell to the spindle tapers.

**Anaphase** - They separate and move to opposite sides to the poles. they get pulled along the spindle fibers.

**Telephase** - They uncoil themselves and they dispered they distribute within the interphase nucleus



http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/mitosismeiosis.jpg
 * __Meiosis__**: Produces gametes. Gametes are Sperm and Egg, they have genetic differences from their parent cell and are crucial in sexual reproduction. The goal of meiosis is to produce 4 haploid cells, cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent. These cells are all different from each other and the parent. In females, it is called oogenesis, and in males it is called spermatogenesis.

Describe what occurs to increase genetic variation during meiosis.  1.Crossing Over-maternal and paternal DNA switch places.  2.Independent Assortment-choose chromosomes randomly with respect to paternal and maternal. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 3.Random Fertilization-Random meeting of sperm and egg.

Two gametes (one egg and one sperm) combine to form a zygote. This process is called fertilization. The two gametes, each haploid, combine to form a diploid cell.

//__**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Photosynthesis and Respiration **__//
Photosynthesis is the way in which plant cells capture sunlight and use it to make food. The equation for photosynthesis is as follows.... Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plants. In photosynthesis, a plant cell takes in carbon dioxide and water, and makes glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. In cellular respiration, a cell takes in sugar and oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water. The equation of cellular respiration is as follows....

ATP is the energy of the cell. ATP is made in cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are essentially opposite reactions. what goes into respiration is what comes out of photosynthesis and the opposite is also true.

//**__Viruses__**//
Viruses differ from cells in many ways. First, viruses are made up of a protein coat and some sort of genetic material. They lack a cell wall or cell membrane. Viruses also have no cellular machinery to reproduce on their own. Viruses NEED a cell in order to reproduce.

A virus looks like this...



Inside the head (capsule) is the genetic material, either DNA or RNA.